Engg Technical notes

Verilog HDL ( Hardware Description Language ) is widely used for modeling digital systems. It allows designers to describe circuits at different levels of abstraction , making it easier to go from high-level behavior to gate-level implementation . In this guide, we’ll explore these abstraction levels, procedural blocks , and important Verilog constructs with practical examples. Abstraction Levels in Verilog Verilog supports multiple modeling styles depending on the level of detail required: Behavioral Modeling Describes the functionality of the design rather than its structure. Suitable for quick prototyping. Example: writing algorithms for counters , FSMs , or arithmetic operations. RTL (Register Transfer Level) Modeling Describes the design in terms of data flow between registers and logic. Mostly used for synthesis into hardware . Structural Modeling Describes how gates, flip-flops, and modules are interconnected. Used for low-level represent...

Learning Verilog becomes much easier when you master operators . Just like in C or Java , operators in Verilog help perform mathematical, logical, relational, and bit-level operations . Whether you’re simulating a design or writing RTL code , operators simplify coding and make it more readable. In this blog, we’ll explore all Verilog operators with clear explanations, syntax, and practical examples. 🔹 1. Arithmetic Operators Arithmetic operators work on numbers (integers, registers, parameters). Binary Operators : + , - , * , / , % Unary Operators : + , - 👉 Key Points: Integer division truncates fractions. Modulus % takes the sign of the first operand. If operands contain unknown x , the result is x . 📌 Example: module arithmetic_operators(); initial begin $display (" 5 + 10 = %d", 5 + 10); $display (" 10 * 5 = %d", 10 * 5); $display (" 10 / -5 = %d", 10 / -5); $display (" 10 % 3 = %d", 10 % 3); $display ...

🔹 What are User Defined Primitives (UDPs)? In Verilog, User Defined Primitives (UDPs) are a way to create custom logic primitives beyond the limited set of built-in primitives. They allow designers to define combinational logic or sequential logic using truth tables. 👉 In simple words, UDPs are custom truth tables written in Verilog. For example: Combinational UDP → Works like a simple gate (AND, OR, XOR, etc.) but defined by the user. Sequential UDP → Models latches, flip-flops, and other memory elements. These are particularly useful when modeling ASIC libraries or verifying custom-designed hardware components. 🔹 Syntax of a UDP Every UDP in Verilog follows a strict syntax: primitive udp_name (output, input1, input2, ...); output <output_port>; input <input_port(s)>; reg <output_port>; // Only required for sequential UDP // Optional initialization initial <output_port> = <init_value>; table <input_co...